UML Diagrams in Software Development
All that is swell in UML.
Close your eyes and imagine your favorite place on Earth. It could be at a beach, in a canoe in the middle of a lake on a sunny afternoon, or the cheese department in a grocery store, you name it. Visualizing can make things easier and help shape an idea out of thought.
The software applications you use today were all created out of a simple thought. If you ever tried jumping into creating an application without visualizing its system design first, the software development process might get a little confusing. One thing that really helps visualize a project and reduce confusion in software development, particularly with object oriented programming, is a UML diagram.
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. It is a form of a graphical notation. That notation can be divided into static modeling and dynamic modeling of elements. UML can consist of many different types of diagrams, but I will focus on the static modeling notation found in class relationship diagrams.
UML Class Diagrams
UML class diagrams really help structure and build the design of a system in object oriented software. This includes the system’s classes, objects, attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationship among them.
Class
A class is a definitive element in a class diagram. Multiple classes can appear in a UML diagram. The picture below shows a rough interpretation of what a class element would look like in a diagram. There would be a class name listed at the top row, the second row would list attributes with that class, and the third row would list any operations with the class.
Attributes
An attribute can give away more information about the class. The picture below represents a class named Shape with two attributes, and no operations. The first attribute is named width and the second attribute is named length.
The “-” in front of each attribute indicates the visibility of that attribute. Visibility can mean public(+), private(-) or protected(#). These attributes are considered private, and they are accessible within that class only. The “:” indicates the type of value that attribute is. These attributes are both of type int (or integer).
Operations
An operation help the class carry out specific duties when called. The picture below represents a class named shape with two attributes and two operations.
Notice all the operations are public indicated by the “+”. The first operation is named getWidth and the second operation is named getLength. The “()” indicates any parameters that are passed into that operation. The “:” after indicates the return type of that operation, so a little bit different than an attribute. getWidth()’s return type is int, therefore when that operation is called it will return an integer.
Putting Everything Together
Putting everything together, we can create this:
This UML diagram is representing shapes, such as the square and the rectangle, under the class Shape. However, the last thing we need to do is relate these classes to each other.
Relationship Arrows
There are a number of ways classes in a UML diagram can relate to each other, usually indicated by special arrows:
Inheritance is a relationship between a general class element and a specific class element. We can say that a rectangle is a specific element of a shape that is a general element.
Association is a relationship between instances of a class, indicating more general relationships.
Realization is a relationship between a class and its implemented interface. The class may need to implement methods from its interface.
Dependency is a relationship where an object of a specific class uses an object of another specific class in its method.
Aggregation is a relationship where a class is a part of another class.
Composition is a relationship where a class is a part of another class, but one class cannot live by itself if its other class is gone.
Can you guess what relationship the diagram shows below?
If you guessed inheritance, then you are correct!
The Purpose of UML Diagrams
Communication. They communicate ideas, thoughts, components, or projects together. And if that was not more obvious, the word “language” is in the name. They help organize and build systems in software development.
Sources:
Martin, C. R. (n.d.). UML Tutorial: Part 1 — Class Diagrams. Retrieved April 25, 2023, from https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/riccardo/courses/csu370-fa07/umlClassDiagrams.pdf
UML Class Diagram Tutorial. (n.d.). Visual Paradigm. Retrieved April 25, 2023, from https://www.visual-paradigm.com/guide/uml-unified-modeling-language/uml-class-diagram-tutorial/
Zeil, S. (2018, September 20). UML Class Relationship Diagrams. Retrieved April 25, 2023, from https://www.cs.odu.edu/~zeil/cs330/latest/Public/classDiagrams/index.html#class-relationship-diagrams
